Stefan Werk opens our roundup with his masterpiece, proving to everyone that high-end technologies are real magic. The astrophysical origin of roughly half of the elements heavier than iron remains an open question.Multi-messenger observations such as gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers combined with electromagnetic counterparts have transformed observational astronomy in the past 5 years and directly probe the synthesis of heavy elements (‘kilonovae’).Based on recent observations, this Review conjectures that most of the heavy rapid neutron-capture (r-process) elements may be formed in winds from dense accretion discs, such as those that form in the aftermath of neutron-star mergers or in rare supernovae.Many open questions exist regarding the contribution of mergers of neutron stars and black holes and rare types of supernovae (magnetorotational supernovae and collapsars) to the galactic r-process.Start Downloading Now! Waterdroplet WebGL Shader by Stefan Weck This Review summarizes recent results and charts future challenges and opportunities for identifying the astrophysical origin of roughly half of the elements heavier than iron. Multi-messenger observations of gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation directly probe the synthesis of heavy elements in the Universe. These include insights into rapid neutron-capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis in neutron-star mergers and other astrophysical sites, such as collapsars and magnetorotational supernovae, with implications for nuclear (astro)physics more broadly, fundamental physics in compact astrophysical systems, as well as chemical evolution of galaxies. It provides a preview of the open questions that these observations raise and on future opportunities for both theory and observations. This Review reflects on recent observational surprises and speculates on their implications. A few years into the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, following Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)’s, Virgo’s and Kagra’s third observation run, there is strong evidence for the detection of mergers of two neutron stars and of neutron stars and black holes. Together with ground and space electromagnetic observatories, they have provided key insights into the long-standing question of how the heavy elements in the periodic table are synthesized. Gravitational-wave detectors have transformed the way we observe the Universe. In the range of black hole spins in which the neutron star is tidallyĭisrupted ($\chi_$Cm ratio, such that the measured ESS value in meteorites may not correspond to that of the "last" major $r$-process event. Star material through a finite-temperature nuclear-theory based equation of $7M_\odot-10M_\odot$, a neutrino leakage scheme, and a modeling of the neutron Mergers using black hole masses in the most likely range of We present a first exploration of the results of neutron star-black hole
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